Explosion-proof thermocouples are widely used in chemical process automation systems where flammable gases or vapors are present; unlike standard thermocouples, they are designed to prevent ignition of hazardous atmospheres by containing any internal sparks or thermal energy. Operating on the thermoelectric (Seebeck) effect—generating a voltage from the temperature difference between two dissimilar metal junctions—they convert process temperature into a safe electrical signal for display, recording, or control, and are extensively deployed in oil & gas, chemical, and metallurgical plants for reliable operation in explosive environments.